A review of risk assessment and management for intelligent systems under the AI Act and broader regulatory frameworks

Motivated by the requirements of risk regulation frameworks such as the AI Act for safe and trustworthy AI systems, a survey reviews methodologies for AI risk assessment and management. The survey reviews the global regulatory landscape driving systemic risk assessment, characterizes the spectrum of AI risks in the literature from technical failures to ethical and social impacts, and reviews general risk assessment frameworks for AI systems. The article summarizes best practices and identifies methodological gaps and directions for future research.